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Crypto 101 · Research papers

White-paper-style analysis. Supply and demand, cited to primary sources.

2 min read41 primary sources

Crypto 101 · Research papers

References and Primary Sources for Crypto 101

Scrypt Wallet Research · Updated 2026-09-30

Abstract

This page lists every source cited in the Crypto 101 series, grouped by topic. Sources are primary wherever possible: whitepapers, specifications, source code and official documentation, plus publications by central-bank institutions on tokenization. Links were checked on 30 September 2026; protocol parameters and documentation change, so verify against the source before relying on a figure.

Keywords: references, bibliography, whitepapers, primary sources

1. Bitcoin, proof of work and digital scarcity

2. Litecoin, Dogecoin and Scrypt

3. Ethereum, Solana and proof of stake

4. Privacy and DAG protocols

5. Flux and the Internet Computer

6. Wrapped assets, DeFi and tokenization

References

  1. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Whitepaper. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
  2. Back, A. (2002). Hashcash: A Denial of Service Counter-Measure. Technical report; the proof-of-work construction Bitcoin builds on. http://www.hashcash.org/papers/hashcash.pdf
  3. Szabo, N. (2005). Bit gold. Essay proposing unforgeably costly bits as a basis for digital scarcity. https://nakamotoinstitute.org/library/bit-gold/
  4. Bitcoin Core developers (2009). GetBlockSubsidy (src/validation.cpp). Bitcoin Core source code: the consensus rule for the block subsidy (50 coins, halved every nSubsidyHalvingInterval blocks). https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/validation.cpp
  5. Bitcoin Wiki contributors (2010). Controlled supply. Bitcoin Wiki: derivation of the 21 million cap from the halving schedule. https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Controlled_supply
  6. Bitcoin Wiki contributors (2010). Block hashing algorithm. Bitcoin Wiki: the block header is hashed with SHA-256 applied twice and compared with the target. https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm
  7. Bitcoin Wiki contributors (2010). Difficulty. Bitcoin Wiki: the target is retargeted every 2,016 blocks to hold the average block interval near ten minutes. https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty
  8. Lee, C. (coblee) (2011). [ANN] Litecoin - a lite version of Bitcoin. Launched!. Announcement thread, Bitcointalk, 9 October 2011. https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=47417.0
  9. Litecoin Project (2011). chainparams.cpp. Litecoin Core source code: main-net consensus parameters (halving interval 840,000; 2.5-minute target spacing). https://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/blob/master/src/chainparams.cpp
  10. Litecoin Project (2021). Litecoin Improvement Proposals (LIPs). Repository of Litecoin improvement proposals, including the MimbleWimble Extension Blocks (MWEB) specifications. https://github.com/litecoin-project/lips
  11. Percival, C. (2009). Stronger Key Derivation via Sequential Memory-Hard Functions. BSDCan 2009; the paper that introduced scrypt. https://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt/scrypt.pdf
  12. Percival, C., & Josefsson, S. (2016). RFC 7914: The scrypt Password-Based Key Derivation Function. IETF RFC. https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7914
  13. Dogecoin Core developers (2013). Dogecoin Core. Repository and README: Dogecoin's use of the Scrypt hashing method for proof of work. https://github.com/dogecoin/dogecoin
  14. Dogecoin Core developers (2013). GetDogecoinBlockSubsidy (src/dogecoin.cpp). Dogecoin Core source code: a constant 10,000 DOGE per block once the chain passes 6 halving intervals (block 600,000). https://github.com/dogecoin/dogecoin/blob/master/src/dogecoin.cpp
  15. Dogecoin Core developers (2013). chainparams.cpp. Dogecoin Core source code: 60-second target spacing; AuxPoW (merged mining) effective from block 371,337. https://github.com/dogecoin/dogecoin/blob/master/src/chainparams.cpp
  16. Bitcoin Wiki contributors (2011). Merged mining specification. Bitcoin Wiki: how one proof of work can secure more than one chain (auxiliary proof of work). https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Merged_mining_specification
  17. Buterin, V. (2013). Ethereum Whitepaper: A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform. Whitepaper (maintained at ethereum.org). https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/
  18. ethereum.org (2022). Proof-of-stake (PoS). Ethereum developer documentation for the proof-of-stake consensus mechanism. https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/
  19. ethereum.org (2022). Proof-of-work (PoW). Ethereum developer documentation describing proof-of-work consensus. https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/
  20. ethereum.org (2022). The Merge. Ethereum roadmap documentation: the transition from proof of work to proof of stake. https://ethereum.org/en/roadmap/merge/
  21. Vogelsteller, F., & Buterin, V. (2015). EIP-20: Token Standard. Ethereum Improvement Proposal defining the ERC-20 fungible token interface. https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-20
  22. Buterin, V., et al. (2019). EIP-1559: Fee market change for ETH 1.0 chain. Ethereum Improvement Proposal introducing the burned base fee. https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559
  23. Yakovenko, A. (2017). Solana: A new architecture for a high performance blockchain. Whitepaper introducing Proof of History. https://solana.com/solana-whitepaper.pdf
  24. Solana Foundation (2024). Tokens on Solana. Solana documentation: mint accounts, mint authority, freeze authority; with no mint authority the mint has a fixed supply. https://solana.com/docs/core/tokens
  25. Solana Foundation (2024). Inflation Schedule. Solana developer documentation: initial inflation rate, disinflation rate and long-term rate. Governance proposals (SIMDs) may change these parameters. https://github.com/solana-foundation/developer-content/blob/main/docs/economics/inflation/inflation-schedule.md
  26. Kiayias, A., Russell, A., David, B., & Oliynykov, R. (2017). Ouroboros: A Provably Secure Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocol. CRYPTO 2017; IACR ePrint 2016/889. The protocol behind Cardano. https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/889
  27. King, S., & Nadal, S. (2012). PPCoin: Peer-to-Peer Crypto-Currency with Proof-of-Stake. Whitepaper (later renamed Peercoin): a hybrid design in which proof of stake provides most of the security. https://archive.org/details/PPCoinPaper
  28. van Saberhagen, N. (2013). CryptoNote v2.0. Whitepaper, the protocol Monero is based on (annotated copy hosted by the Monero project). https://www.getmonero.org/resources/research-lab/pubs/whitepaper_annotated.pdf
  29. Monero Project (2022). Tail Emission. Moneropedia: a permanent 0.6 XMR per block after the main emission ended (block 2,641,623, June 2022). https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/tail-emission.html
  30. Hopwood, D., Bowe, S., Hornby, T., & Wilcox, N. (2016). Zcash Protocol Specification. Technical specification (continuously updated). https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf
  31. Sompolinsky, Y., & Zohar, A. (2018). PHANTOM: A Scalable BlockDAG Protocol. IACR ePrint 2018/104; the paper containing GHOSTDAG, on which Kaspa is based. https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/104
  32. Flux (RunOnFlux) (2024). Flux Whitepaper. Official whitepaper site. https://whitepaper.app.runonflux.io/
  33. Flux (RunOnFlux) (2025). Forking Flux: Proof of Useful Work v2. Flux blog post: FluxNodes take over block production; 30-second blocks; 14 FLUX per block split by tier; a 10% annual inflation rate applied to block emissions every 1,051,200 blocks; 560 million maximum supply. https://runonflux.com/forking-flux-proof-of-useful-work-v2/
  34. DFINITY Foundation (2022). The Internet Computer for Geeks. IACR ePrint 2022/087; technical overview of the Internet Computer protocol. https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/087
  35. DFINITY Foundation (2024). Network economics. Internet Computer documentation: ICP, cycles, neurons, voting rewards, node rewards. https://docs.internetcomputer.org/concepts/network-economics/
  36. Adams, H., Zinsmeister, N., Salem, M., Keefer, R., & Robinson, D. (2020). Uniswap v2 Core. Whitepaper: constant-product automated market maker with fees paid to liquidity providers. https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v2.pdf
  37. BitGo, Kyber Network, & Ren (2019). Wrapped Tokens: A multi-institutional framework for tokenizing any asset. Whitepaper describing Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) on Ethereum. https://wbtc.network/assets/wrapped-tokens-whitepaper.pdf
  38. Zeus Network (2024). Zeus Network documentation. Official documentation for zBTC, the Guardian network and proof of reserves. https://docs.zeusnetwork.xyz/
  39. Scrypt Bridge (2026). Proof of Reserves. Live page comparing native coins held in reserve with wrapped tokens outstanding. https://bridge.scryptwallet.io/proof-of-reserves
  40. Bank for International Settlements (2023). Annual Economic Report 2023, Chapter III: Blueprint for the future monetary system. BIS; tokenisation combining asset records with programmable rules. https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2023e3.htm
  41. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2023). Tokenization: Overview and Financial Stability Implications. Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2023-060. https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/feds/files/2023060pap.pdf

Common questions

How were these sources chosen?

By preferring the protocol's own paper, specification, source code or official documentation over secondary commentary, and adding institutional publications for tokenization concepts.

General education, not financial, tax or legal advice. Figures are schematic. Protocol parameters are cited to primary sources and can change; verify against the linked source before relying on them.